Conservatism:
● Evolution
○ Conservatism of 18th century Europe and Prince Klemens von Metternich
○ The U.S.S.R was similar to Stalin (re-Stalinization), but now dictatorship was collective rather than personal and coercion replaced terror.
○ Stanley Baldwin pleaded for peace (no change)
○ In Britain in 1931, the coalition government was mostly conservative, followed orthodox economic theory
■ caused the budget to become balanced
■ but barely enough welfare for the unemployed
○ The traditional form of anitdemocratic government was conservative authoritarianism, revived after World War I
■ to avoid changes, it relied on obedient bureaucracies, strong police departments, and loyal armies
■ popular participation in government limited
■ focused on taxes, army recruits, and passive acceptance
○ Conservative dictators took over in Spain and Portugal
○ Adopted some Hitlerian and fascit characteristics in 1930s
■ armies were limited
○ Catherine the Great in Russia stopped by Polish Diet
○ 1960s-1970s witnessed growth of urban population
● Philosophies
○ Tradition was thought to be the basic source of human institutions
○ Nobility is a priority
○ The proper state and society rested on a judicious blend of monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners
○ Liberalism caused the revolutionary wars in America and France
○ Blamed liberal middle-class revolutionaries for stirring up the lower classes
■ believed lower classes desired only to live in peace in quiet
● Goals
○ To protect the aristocracy
○ To fight the revolutionization of central Europe
○ Create national unity
○ Divert attention from the class struggle at home
○ A free and democratic trade unuion.
● Foundations:
○ 18th Century Europe
○ Prince Klemens von Metternich
Liberalism:
● Evolution:
○ Liberal thoughts had been a part of the West and its philosophy since the Ancient Greeks.
○ The Glorious Revolution developed the modern liberal state, by constitutionally limiting the power of the monarch.
■ Revolution of 1688, to overthrow King James II of England.
○ American Revolution
■ American Constitution, the French counterpart of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, embodied the foundations of Liberalism, freedom and equal rights.
○ French Revolution
■ The tennis court oath saying that we will not stop until things are made equal.
■ The storming of the Bastille and Versaille allow the French people to enact a constitution that limits the power of the monarchy. (Constitutional Monarchy)
■ National Assembly was split between the Girondins (less radical) and the Jacobins (radicals.
■ Leading to fight of power and the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre.
■ Napoleon changed the face of Europe, and also spread liberalism, as well as a hatred of conservatism.
■ Napoleon espoused many liberal ideas, but did not always live up to them.
■ Radicalism, or radical liberalism, began in England, in 1790, right after the end of the French Revolution
○ Adam Smith: liberal and classical economist. Emphasized lassiez-faire, or hands off economics. The government should have as little a role as possible in the economy.
○ In 1848, revolutions affected over 50 countries from both Europe and Latin America. This is due to the spring of the French Revolution and the 1848 revolt in France
○ The revolutions ended serfdom in Austria and Hungary, ended the absolute monarchy in Denmark, and ended the monarchy in France
○ With the ideas of liberal economics flying all over Europe, countries and companies took that idea and applied it to Imperialism, viewing it as "White Man's Burden" to raise those of inferior races and civilize them, thus creating more equality.
○ The Treaty of Versailles ended the Great War and effectively brought an end to liberalism with the onset of the Age of Anxiety.
○ The Age of Anxiety let right-wing, conservative fascists to take over governments
○ Youth Movement 1960s
● Philosophies:
○ Freedom and Rights of the people.
○ Human Rights
○ The diversity of liberalism can be gleaned from the numerous adjectives that liberal thinkers and movements have attached to the very term liberalism, including classical,egalitarian, economic, social, welfare-state, ethical, humanist, deontological, perfectionist, democratic, and institutional, to name a few
● Goals:
○ Equal in the eyes of the laws
○ Power to the people
○ Small government (old liberalism)
○ Change
● Foundations:
○ Based in the American Constitution followed by the Declaration
○ A need of change which will benefit the general populace and create a equality in the eyes of the law.
● Evolution
○ Conservatism of 18th century Europe and Prince Klemens von Metternich
○ The U.S.S.R was similar to Stalin (re-Stalinization), but now dictatorship was collective rather than personal and coercion replaced terror.
○ Stanley Baldwin pleaded for peace (no change)
○ In Britain in 1931, the coalition government was mostly conservative, followed orthodox economic theory
■ caused the budget to become balanced
■ but barely enough welfare for the unemployed
○ The traditional form of anitdemocratic government was conservative authoritarianism, revived after World War I
■ to avoid changes, it relied on obedient bureaucracies, strong police departments, and loyal armies
■ popular participation in government limited
■ focused on taxes, army recruits, and passive acceptance
○ Conservative dictators took over in Spain and Portugal
○ Adopted some Hitlerian and fascit characteristics in 1930s
■ armies were limited
○ Catherine the Great in Russia stopped by Polish Diet
○ 1960s-1970s witnessed growth of urban population
● Philosophies
○ Tradition was thought to be the basic source of human institutions
○ Nobility is a priority
○ The proper state and society rested on a judicious blend of monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners
○ Liberalism caused the revolutionary wars in America and France
○ Blamed liberal middle-class revolutionaries for stirring up the lower classes
■ believed lower classes desired only to live in peace in quiet
● Goals
○ To protect the aristocracy
○ To fight the revolutionization of central Europe
○ Create national unity
○ Divert attention from the class struggle at home
○ A free and democratic trade unuion.
● Foundations:
○ 18th Century Europe
○ Prince Klemens von Metternich
Liberalism:
● Evolution:
○ Liberal thoughts had been a part of the West and its philosophy since the Ancient Greeks.
○ The Glorious Revolution developed the modern liberal state, by constitutionally limiting the power of the monarch.
■ Revolution of 1688, to overthrow King James II of England.
○ American Revolution
■ American Constitution, the French counterpart of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, embodied the foundations of Liberalism, freedom and equal rights.
○ French Revolution
■ The tennis court oath saying that we will not stop until things are made equal.
■ The storming of the Bastille and Versaille allow the French people to enact a constitution that limits the power of the monarchy. (Constitutional Monarchy)
■ National Assembly was split between the Girondins (less radical) and the Jacobins (radicals.
■ Leading to fight of power and the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre.
■ Napoleon changed the face of Europe, and also spread liberalism, as well as a hatred of conservatism.
■ Napoleon espoused many liberal ideas, but did not always live up to them.
■ Radicalism, or radical liberalism, began in England, in 1790, right after the end of the French Revolution
○ Adam Smith: liberal and classical economist. Emphasized lassiez-faire, or hands off economics. The government should have as little a role as possible in the economy.
○ In 1848, revolutions affected over 50 countries from both Europe and Latin America. This is due to the spring of the French Revolution and the 1848 revolt in France
○ The revolutions ended serfdom in Austria and Hungary, ended the absolute monarchy in Denmark, and ended the monarchy in France
○ With the ideas of liberal economics flying all over Europe, countries and companies took that idea and applied it to Imperialism, viewing it as "White Man's Burden" to raise those of inferior races and civilize them, thus creating more equality.
○ The Treaty of Versailles ended the Great War and effectively brought an end to liberalism with the onset of the Age of Anxiety.
○ The Age of Anxiety let right-wing, conservative fascists to take over governments
○ Youth Movement 1960s
● Philosophies:
○ Freedom and Rights of the people.
○ Human Rights
○ The diversity of liberalism can be gleaned from the numerous adjectives that liberal thinkers and movements have attached to the very term liberalism, including classical,egalitarian, economic, social, welfare-state, ethical, humanist, deontological, perfectionist, democratic, and institutional, to name a few
● Goals:
○ Equal in the eyes of the laws
○ Power to the people
○ Small government (old liberalism)
○ Change
● Foundations:
○ Based in the American Constitution followed by the Declaration
○ A need of change which will benefit the general populace and create a equality in the eyes of the law.