Hundred Years War 1337-1453
● Results
○ In France, it led to the Jacquerie
■ Revolt by the French peasants to protest high taxes placed on them by the lords who wanted to repair damages made by war
■ Large Debt → High Taxes→Peasant revolts
● Impacts
○ The Hundred Years War was the beginning of the end of Chivalry
■ English used the longbow to great success against the French
○ Beginning of Nationalism/Nation States
■ Spurred along by propaganda
○ Destruction of trade
○ Heavy Debt
○ Physical devastation
■ Rich farmland was destroyed
● Less food production
● Less areas for livestock to feed
○ Creation of standing armies
○ Less population
○ Rise of Propaganda
■ Use of priests
○ Work for poor knights
○ Social Disarray - Law enforcement enlisted in war
■ Increase in crime
○ Military training /strategy refinement
○ Major migration: rural → Urban
○ Serfs are leaving manors: feudalism is degrading
● 1618-1648 Thirty Years War
a. Goals
i. For one religion to prevail in the HRE
b. Execution
i. 5 different phases in different regions
ii. eventually spread to different countries
c. Results
i. Peace of Westphalia
d. Impacts
i. foreshadowed the collapse of the HRE
● 1701-1713 War of Spanish succession
a. Goals
i. To keep Phillip II from obtaining both Spain and France by inheritance
b. Execution
i. European superpowers formed a Grand Alliance looking to suppress the french and the spanish who were loyal to Phillip V
c. Results
i. The Peace of Utrecht made Philip the King of Spain and he succeeded his right to the French throne
ii. Balance of Power was maintained
d. Impacts
i. Phillip issued the Nueva Planta decrees which then made it impossible for any annexation of two powers under the same crown
● 1740-1784 War of Austrian Succession
a. Goals
i. To keep Maria Teresa off the throne of the HRE
1. she was perceived as weak
2. she was a women, and the HRE never had a female ruler
b. Execution
i. Habsburgs (HRE) had Great Britain and Holland on their side
ii. enemies were France and Spain
c. Results
i. Treaty of Aix la Chapelle in 1748
1. Maria Therese only sacrificed Silesia which they gave to Austria
d. Impacts
i. began the German dualism of Austria and Prussia
ii. Through his comments about the war, made Louis XV unpopular
● 1756-1763 Seven Years War
a. Goals: Fight over a trading area
i. France: Keep Britain out of their territory!
ii. Britain: We expand or we die!
b. Execution:
i. fought mostly in North America between Britain and France
ii. moved to mainland Europe with England and Prussia against France, Austria and Spain.
c. Results
i. France lost Acadia, part of the Ohio river
ii. Britain was able to expand and establish trade posts all along former French territories
d. Impacts
i. Foreshadows England taking French owned America for themselves and puts France into Canada
Napoleon
● Balance of Power
● Quadruple Alliance: Austria, Russia, Prussia, Great Britain
● Congress of Vienna
● Recognize Bourbons in France
● No War Reparations in France
● Borders Back to 1792
● Lenient to France BUT: Low Countries United as Dutch Monarchy
Klemens von Metternich
● Austrian Foreign Minister 1809-1848
● Austria is the most multi-ethnic country in Europe
● monarchist
● loyal to the nobility
● Importance of Status Quo/Tradition
● Liberalism Brings War
● Middle class to blame for inflaming lower classes
● Liberalism = Nationalism … disaster for Austria (multi-ethnic)
The Holy Alliance
● Created by Congress
● Austria crushed liberalism in Northern Italy
● France crushed liberalism in Spain
● Austria dominated the German confederation
● Carlsbad Decrees 1819
Liberalism
● Representative Governments (but property requirements)
● universal male suffrage
● Self-Determination
● Equality before the law/Fairness
● No legal class separation
● Civil Rights (Press/Assembly)
● Adam Smith “Invisible Hand”
● Laissez Faire- “Hands Off” Economy
Nationalism
● Reaction to Napoleon
● Cultural Identity
● Language
● Symbols
● Ceremonies
● National Mission
● National Superiority
● Liberal but subject to hijacking from militant conservatism
Liberalism Radicalism Socialism
● Rejection of Tradition
● Rejection of Conservatism
● Rejection of heredity
● Rejection of official church
● Rejection of Laissez-Faire
● Demanded Representative governments. Equality before the law
● Austro-Prussian war
a. Goals
i. Strategic war to get Austria out of German affairs
b. Execution
i. Bismarck neutralized Russia and France then went in for Austria
ii. utilized railroads
c. Results
i. Prussia assigned Austria to extremely realistic, generous terms and seceded from German affairs
d. Impacts
i. Bismarck now had complete control over all German affairs and now had two major players (Russia and France) settled
● The Franco-Prussian War
a. Goals
i. A strategic war to increase nationalism especially in the Southern German states
ii. France wanted to keep prussia in check
b. Execution
i. Prussia had nothing to worry about: Russia was at peace and the only other power, Austria was at peaceful terms with the Germans
c. Results
i. France was forced to surrender because their people were starving
ii. Germany imposed a horrific debt onto france of 5 billion francs to be paid to the new German Empire ruled now by William I and also caused France to surrender Alsace and Lorraine which the French viewed as a crime
d. Impacts
i. Because Germany seized Alsace and Lorraine, Germany’s relationship with France would be forever tainted. Bismarck now had what he wanted a unified Germany under one flag
● World War I
a. Goals
i. Germany wanted to expand their influence over Europe, since Imperialism was at a high for many European Nations.
ii. They wanted to take over France via the Schlieffen Plan and gain additional colonies, territory, prestige.
iii. The Goals of World War I were rather unclear and labeled as a unnecessary War
b. Execution
i. Germany were advancing and successfully dominating neighboring countries, until the United States involvement in the War, led to Germany’s surrender
c. Result
i. All Countries could not fight any longer therefore, the Treaty of Versailles was signed which included limitation for Germany and heavy reparations
● World War II
a. Goals
i. Hitler wanted to expand the Third Reich, dominate the world, and to promote the Aryan Race, exterminating all sub-races
ii. Joseph Stalin wanted to spread Communism and expand the borders
iii. FDR wanted to Halt Communism, stop the Third Reich, but primarily stop the spread of the Japanese Empire.
iv. Mussolini also wanted to expand his Empire
b. Result
i. Germany split into two parts over conflict of US and Soviet Union
ii. The USA and other Allied powers gained control as superpowers.
iii. The UN was created, thereby setting an International Government to bond the nations.
c. Impact
i. Lead to direct rivalry between US and Soviet Union
ii. it brought America out of the depression
iii. Creation of new countries and some Colonies were freed
iv. Creation of Israel
● Cold War
a. Goals
i. The US was leading the world in obtaining the Atomic Bomb, so the only viable goal is that the US and USSR governments wanted to outperform each other by developing larger and more nuclear weapons.
b. Execution
i. For 11 years (1953–62) the Soviet Union and US manufactured nuclear weapons constantly, trying to out-spend and out-manufacture each other
c. Result
i. Eventually after complete bluffs by the United States and us being able to outspend them, a treaty was signed to end the conflict
d. Impact
i. The Warsaw Pact disintegrated.
ii. The Soviet Union collapsed due to economic weaknesses.
iii. The Berlin Wall was demolished and the two German nations were unified.
iv. Both the United States of America and the Soviet Union built up huge arsenals of atomic weapons and ballistic missiles.
● Results
○ In France, it led to the Jacquerie
■ Revolt by the French peasants to protest high taxes placed on them by the lords who wanted to repair damages made by war
■ Large Debt → High Taxes→Peasant revolts
● Impacts
○ The Hundred Years War was the beginning of the end of Chivalry
■ English used the longbow to great success against the French
○ Beginning of Nationalism/Nation States
■ Spurred along by propaganda
○ Destruction of trade
○ Heavy Debt
○ Physical devastation
■ Rich farmland was destroyed
● Less food production
● Less areas for livestock to feed
○ Creation of standing armies
○ Less population
○ Rise of Propaganda
■ Use of priests
○ Work for poor knights
○ Social Disarray - Law enforcement enlisted in war
■ Increase in crime
○ Military training /strategy refinement
○ Major migration: rural → Urban
○ Serfs are leaving manors: feudalism is degrading
● 1618-1648 Thirty Years War
a. Goals
i. For one religion to prevail in the HRE
b. Execution
i. 5 different phases in different regions
ii. eventually spread to different countries
c. Results
i. Peace of Westphalia
d. Impacts
i. foreshadowed the collapse of the HRE
● 1701-1713 War of Spanish succession
a. Goals
i. To keep Phillip II from obtaining both Spain and France by inheritance
b. Execution
i. European superpowers formed a Grand Alliance looking to suppress the french and the spanish who were loyal to Phillip V
c. Results
i. The Peace of Utrecht made Philip the King of Spain and he succeeded his right to the French throne
ii. Balance of Power was maintained
d. Impacts
i. Phillip issued the Nueva Planta decrees which then made it impossible for any annexation of two powers under the same crown
● 1740-1784 War of Austrian Succession
a. Goals
i. To keep Maria Teresa off the throne of the HRE
1. she was perceived as weak
2. she was a women, and the HRE never had a female ruler
b. Execution
i. Habsburgs (HRE) had Great Britain and Holland on their side
ii. enemies were France and Spain
c. Results
i. Treaty of Aix la Chapelle in 1748
1. Maria Therese only sacrificed Silesia which they gave to Austria
d. Impacts
i. began the German dualism of Austria and Prussia
ii. Through his comments about the war, made Louis XV unpopular
● 1756-1763 Seven Years War
a. Goals: Fight over a trading area
i. France: Keep Britain out of their territory!
ii. Britain: We expand or we die!
b. Execution:
i. fought mostly in North America between Britain and France
ii. moved to mainland Europe with England and Prussia against France, Austria and Spain.
c. Results
i. France lost Acadia, part of the Ohio river
ii. Britain was able to expand and establish trade posts all along former French territories
d. Impacts
i. Foreshadows England taking French owned America for themselves and puts France into Canada
Napoleon
● Balance of Power
● Quadruple Alliance: Austria, Russia, Prussia, Great Britain
● Congress of Vienna
● Recognize Bourbons in France
● No War Reparations in France
● Borders Back to 1792
● Lenient to France BUT: Low Countries United as Dutch Monarchy
Klemens von Metternich
● Austrian Foreign Minister 1809-1848
● Austria is the most multi-ethnic country in Europe
● monarchist
● loyal to the nobility
● Importance of Status Quo/Tradition
● Liberalism Brings War
● Middle class to blame for inflaming lower classes
● Liberalism = Nationalism … disaster for Austria (multi-ethnic)
The Holy Alliance
● Created by Congress
● Austria crushed liberalism in Northern Italy
● France crushed liberalism in Spain
● Austria dominated the German confederation
● Carlsbad Decrees 1819
Liberalism
● Representative Governments (but property requirements)
● universal male suffrage
● Self-Determination
● Equality before the law/Fairness
● No legal class separation
● Civil Rights (Press/Assembly)
● Adam Smith “Invisible Hand”
● Laissez Faire- “Hands Off” Economy
Nationalism
● Reaction to Napoleon
● Cultural Identity
● Language
● Symbols
● Ceremonies
● National Mission
● National Superiority
● Liberal but subject to hijacking from militant conservatism
Liberalism Radicalism Socialism
● Rejection of Tradition
● Rejection of Conservatism
● Rejection of heredity
● Rejection of official church
● Rejection of Laissez-Faire
● Demanded Representative governments. Equality before the law
● Austro-Prussian war
a. Goals
i. Strategic war to get Austria out of German affairs
b. Execution
i. Bismarck neutralized Russia and France then went in for Austria
ii. utilized railroads
c. Results
i. Prussia assigned Austria to extremely realistic, generous terms and seceded from German affairs
d. Impacts
i. Bismarck now had complete control over all German affairs and now had two major players (Russia and France) settled
● The Franco-Prussian War
a. Goals
i. A strategic war to increase nationalism especially in the Southern German states
ii. France wanted to keep prussia in check
b. Execution
i. Prussia had nothing to worry about: Russia was at peace and the only other power, Austria was at peaceful terms with the Germans
c. Results
i. France was forced to surrender because their people were starving
ii. Germany imposed a horrific debt onto france of 5 billion francs to be paid to the new German Empire ruled now by William I and also caused France to surrender Alsace and Lorraine which the French viewed as a crime
d. Impacts
i. Because Germany seized Alsace and Lorraine, Germany’s relationship with France would be forever tainted. Bismarck now had what he wanted a unified Germany under one flag
● World War I
a. Goals
i. Germany wanted to expand their influence over Europe, since Imperialism was at a high for many European Nations.
ii. They wanted to take over France via the Schlieffen Plan and gain additional colonies, territory, prestige.
iii. The Goals of World War I were rather unclear and labeled as a unnecessary War
b. Execution
i. Germany were advancing and successfully dominating neighboring countries, until the United States involvement in the War, led to Germany’s surrender
c. Result
i. All Countries could not fight any longer therefore, the Treaty of Versailles was signed which included limitation for Germany and heavy reparations
● World War II
a. Goals
i. Hitler wanted to expand the Third Reich, dominate the world, and to promote the Aryan Race, exterminating all sub-races
ii. Joseph Stalin wanted to spread Communism and expand the borders
iii. FDR wanted to Halt Communism, stop the Third Reich, but primarily stop the spread of the Japanese Empire.
iv. Mussolini also wanted to expand his Empire
b. Result
i. Germany split into two parts over conflict of US and Soviet Union
ii. The USA and other Allied powers gained control as superpowers.
iii. The UN was created, thereby setting an International Government to bond the nations.
c. Impact
i. Lead to direct rivalry between US and Soviet Union
ii. it brought America out of the depression
iii. Creation of new countries and some Colonies were freed
iv. Creation of Israel
● Cold War
a. Goals
i. The US was leading the world in obtaining the Atomic Bomb, so the only viable goal is that the US and USSR governments wanted to outperform each other by developing larger and more nuclear weapons.
b. Execution
i. For 11 years (1953–62) the Soviet Union and US manufactured nuclear weapons constantly, trying to out-spend and out-manufacture each other
c. Result
i. Eventually after complete bluffs by the United States and us being able to outspend them, a treaty was signed to end the conflict
d. Impact
i. The Warsaw Pact disintegrated.
ii. The Soviet Union collapsed due to economic weaknesses.
iii. The Berlin Wall was demolished and the two German nations were unified.
iv. Both the United States of America and the Soviet Union built up huge arsenals of atomic weapons and ballistic missiles.