Motivations
Colonialism
● Reasons for exploring
○ Curiosity - Scientific curiosity (spirit of Renaissance)
○ Religious Motives (Memories to Crusades)(Preacher John)
○ Wealth, Gold (National and Personal)
○ Prestige
○ Protection
○ Passage to the East (spices)
○ Power
● Who
○ Portuguese (1481)
○ Spanish (1492)
○ Dutch (1560)
○ English (1589)
○ French (1600)
● Where
○ Portuguese down coast of Africa into Indian Ocean and Malaysia (Diaz and Degana)
○ Spanish in North and South America, the Caribbean (Columbia and Magellan)
○ Dutch takeover Portuguese
○ French in Canada and Mississippi River Valley
○ English and Dutch on Eastern Seaboard
● New Technologies
○ Galley vs. Caravel
○ Manpower vs. Wind
○ Shallow hull vs. Deep hull
○ Cannon
○ Personal weapons
○ Magnetic compass
○ Astrolabe
○ Improved maps and Charts
Columbian Exchange
Mercantilism
● British-French Rivalry
● Spanish Colonial System
● Mid-Eighteenth Century
● American War for independance
● African Slave trade
● Reasons for Colonialism
○ Solidify Claim
○ Gold and Silver
○ Resources
■ Fur (French)
■ Lumber (British)
● Primary reason for colonialism is to extract wealth from the land
● How do you use the colonies once you establish them?
● ***Colonies only exist for the good of the mother country***
● Laws were passed allowing colonies to only help their mother country
● If you get rich as a colonist, you are breaking the law
● Mercantilism helped the empire get rich, not the colonists
● The most powerful country during this time, is the wealthiest
● Sell more than you buy
● Strive for self-sufficiency
Imperialism
Causes
○ technological advances
○ potential profit
○ nationalism
○ social darwinism
○ balance of power
○ religion
● Technological Advances
○ Breech-loading rifle: bullets can be loaded from the back instead of from the from of the barrel. Decreased time = more shots per minute
○ steamship: allows for faster transportation to and from colonies. Faster delivery of raw materials or processed goods and even military if necessary
○ telegraph: time of communication decreased by many-fold.
○ quinine: protected against most diseases the colonies had to offer. Meant white people could stay longer without getting sick
● Potential Profit
○ Tariffs in Europe limited the amount of profit of trading between nations. “Tariff Barriers”
○ Colony = potential free trading zone
○ Raw materials
■ rubber
○ precious metals
■ *Most colonies were economically lacking in value*
● Nationalism
○ establishing colonies = establishing prominence/power
○ countries were trying to show that they “still mattered”
● Social Darwinism
○ genuine belief that white races are better than others
○ others are inferior
○ “White Man’s Burden”
● Balance of Power
○ Wanted colones so that other nations would not get them
○ Mad Scramble for Africa
○ Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
■ Set up rules for conquering
■ Nations had to prove they had sufficient authority in order to keep certain rights
○ Moroccan Crisis
● Religion
○ Christian missionaries were first Europeans to penetrate Central Africa
Great Britain
● India
○ Indian territories fell under British rule in 19th century
○ French pulled out after 7 Years’ War (1756-1763)
○ Indian Mutiny/Sepoy Rebellion 1857
○ Afterwards, colonial control is more centralized
○ Establishment of administrative structure
○ Replaced British East India Company
● China
○ Informal Empire
○ significant influence over economy
■ Opium Trade/Opium Wars
● China not interested in European goods
● Foreign trade and diplomacy closely regulated
● Britain finds Opium
○ no actual territorial/political control
Other Nations
● Other European Nations
○ Dutch controlled Indonesia
○ US seized Philippines
○ Japan seized control of Korea
● Colonized Nations
○ Violence very common
○ Millions maimed, enslaved, or killed
○ King Leopold III
○ India
■ British made actual investment in infrastructure
○ Nationalism is embedded into the native colonists, a catalyst for de-colonization
Impacts
Colonization 1400’s to 1700’s
● Advancement of technology
- With development of magnetic, the astrolabe, galley, cannons on ships.
● New Asia and Indian goods and spices
- Spices first founded by Marco Polo the greatest Medieval traveler
-Used for religious, and medical practices.
● Increased amounts of Gold and Silver
● Inflation
-period called price revolution
-To much much chasing too few goods resulted because while money supply had vastly increased, productivity had remained same, giving money reducing purchasing power.
- Craftsmen, merchants get better prices on goods
-Middle Class wealth was by trading or manufacturing and resulted in increased political and social power
- Peasant farmer could gain cash crop also hurt a little money worth less
- Nobility income was from fees, rents due inflation
● Increased Trade
● Columbian Exchange
- This trade brought Europeans manufactured goods and alcohol to Africa and the Americas for products as Lumber, Fur gold sugar, potatoes, and corn.
- opened up new trade routes for European in New Lands
- new demand labor slavery
● Mercantilism effects
- Self sufficient
- England and Dutch strive due to Mercantilism in new lands
● Capitalism starts to form
- middle class more money leads to
-More money in countries leads to more investment leads to more science and technology leads to more business.
-Joint stock companies gain wealth such as Dutch East India Country.
-Dutch banking thrives
● Decline of Spain due to inflation
-had tiny middle class
- businesses could not survive
European effect on New Lands
● Disease
- From Europeans to Native Americans
● Lifestyle and culture
-Catholic missionaries spread beliefs
Imperialism
● Great migration
-The time in which millions of people moved from their ancestral lands. For instance, between 1815 and 1932, over 60 million people left Europe.
- Spread out population especially England and Ireland.
-About ⅔ went to US while rest went to other countries mostly Canada, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia.
-Migration was mostly for economic benefits
Political
● The amount of local warfare was reduced greatly due to control of the African government.
● Order and peace were brought to the colonies
● Collapse of colonial empires
● The language of the imperial country start to become main language.
● introduction of western ideas like nationalism, democracy, constitutionalism, later communism
● European countries start to gain control of governments
● Some countries as Japan become strong powers with Navy, rid of feudalism, government stimulated economy, and rise of technology have European specialities to go abroad for high wages
● Revolution such as Boxer traditional beliefs vs modern ones
Social
● White Mans has all power
-discrimination saying the other races
● European efforts to improve colonies resulted in improved standard of living
● Improved efforts to industrialize the third world countries with factories, railroads, better transportation
● Christianity starts to spread more
Economic
● Economic expansion occurred.
● European countries set up industries in their colonies to make profits and thus paved the way for the industrialization of the colonies
● negatively the imperialist powers exploited the colonies by importing raw materials at the cheapest possible rates and exported the finished products at very high rates.
● Better trade with the Suez Canal and Panama Canal
Decolonization
● European countries less control of 3rd world countries
Reactions to Imperialism
Responses to Imperialism by the Africans
❖ Zulu fight back against the British
➢ Lose control of Zulu Nation in 1887
❖ Boers take the Africans’ land
❖ Fight with the British over this Land
➢ 1899
■ British Win
■ Boer Republics
● Union of South Africa
◆ 1910
❖ Lack of Unity
➢ Separation of Tribes
■ Wars/Lack of Diplomacy
■ Cultures
■ Customs
■ Languages
❖ Lack of Infrastructure (Still Little Infrastructure)
➢ Economic Collapse after the end of TransAtlantic Slave Trade
➢ No Cash Crops
➢ No Stabilized Governments
➢ No Industrialism
➢ No Foreign Investment
➢ Boundaries left relatively unchanged after European Imperialists left
❖ Primary Resistors - the first societies or that resisted such as...
➢ Menelik II of Ethiopia
➢ Abdel Kader of Algeria
Responses to Imperialism in the Ottoman Empire
❖ Independence
➢ Greece
➢ Serbia
➢ Egypt
❖ Europeans Take Land
➢ Take Much of Northern Africa from Ottomans
➢ Take much of European Holdings
■ Russia and Britain take over Persia
India Presentation Notes: Westernizers
India Mutiny (1857).
Indian National Conference (1885)
● Greater say in Government
Morley-Minton Reforms (1900)
● Establish governors in specific provinces
Rise in Nationalism (1918)
● We're not satisfied with Reforms
● Woodrow Wilson Self-Determination
Government of India Act (1919)
● National Parliament
Gandhi Speaks Peaceful Movements (1920's)
Simon Commission (1930)
1945 Clement Attlee institutes New Constitution
1947 Independent
Japan the Westernizers
● 1853-63 Samurai revolt against foreigners
● Anti gov assassination
● 1867 Samurai take over government
● Led to Maji Restoration
● Abolished feudal system and legal classes
● Created gov stimulation of economy
● Adopted liberal principles
● 3yr Military term for males
● Encouraged foreign intel
● Became Imperialistic
China
● Tai Ping Rebellion
● Empress Tzu Hsi
● Less European Involvement
● Sino Japanese War 1895
● U.S. Open Door Policy
● Hundred Days of Reform
● Sun Yatsen 1866-1925
● Boxer Rebellion 1900-1903
● The Qing Dynasty Falls 1912
Colonialism:
Two Types
Settler colonialism:
● large-scale immigration,
● often motivated by religious, political, or economic reasons.
○ Example: Plantation colonies would be considered exploitation colonialism; but colonizing powers would utilize either type for different territories depending on various social and economic factors as well as climate and geographic conditions.
Exploitation colonialism
● involves fewer colonists
● focuses on access to resources for export
○ trading posts
○ indigenous resources for labour and material
○ slave trade
■ imported to the Americas, first by the Portuguese Empire, and later by the Spanish, Dutch, French and British.
Imperialism:
Methods:
1.Direct Colonial Rule
● were used by European powers to control the colonies.
● The first of which was using European administrators for direct colonial rule.
● This method was the most costly but ensured the most control for a nation-state.
2. protectorate arrangement
● where a local colonial ruler and the government carried on as usual
● , but the European nation-state had some control
○ the country’s military, foreign affairs, and economy and intervened whenever necessary.
Decolonization/A new world!
Methods (2)
● War
○ although decolonization is a political process, the most frequent thing is violence (War)
○ Examples: Wars of Independence or Revolutions
● Nonviolent Action
○ Example: India
Colonialism
● Reasons for exploring
○ Curiosity - Scientific curiosity (spirit of Renaissance)
○ Religious Motives (Memories to Crusades)(Preacher John)
○ Wealth, Gold (National and Personal)
○ Prestige
○ Protection
○ Passage to the East (spices)
○ Power
● Who
○ Portuguese (1481)
○ Spanish (1492)
○ Dutch (1560)
○ English (1589)
○ French (1600)
● Where
○ Portuguese down coast of Africa into Indian Ocean and Malaysia (Diaz and Degana)
○ Spanish in North and South America, the Caribbean (Columbia and Magellan)
○ Dutch takeover Portuguese
○ French in Canada and Mississippi River Valley
○ English and Dutch on Eastern Seaboard
● New Technologies
○ Galley vs. Caravel
○ Manpower vs. Wind
○ Shallow hull vs. Deep hull
○ Cannon
○ Personal weapons
○ Magnetic compass
○ Astrolabe
○ Improved maps and Charts
Columbian Exchange
Mercantilism
● British-French Rivalry
● Spanish Colonial System
● Mid-Eighteenth Century
● American War for independance
● African Slave trade
● Reasons for Colonialism
○ Solidify Claim
○ Gold and Silver
○ Resources
■ Fur (French)
■ Lumber (British)
● Primary reason for colonialism is to extract wealth from the land
● How do you use the colonies once you establish them?
● ***Colonies only exist for the good of the mother country***
● Laws were passed allowing colonies to only help their mother country
● If you get rich as a colonist, you are breaking the law
● Mercantilism helped the empire get rich, not the colonists
● The most powerful country during this time, is the wealthiest
● Sell more than you buy
● Strive for self-sufficiency
Imperialism
Causes
○ technological advances
○ potential profit
○ nationalism
○ social darwinism
○ balance of power
○ religion
● Technological Advances
○ Breech-loading rifle: bullets can be loaded from the back instead of from the from of the barrel. Decreased time = more shots per minute
○ steamship: allows for faster transportation to and from colonies. Faster delivery of raw materials or processed goods and even military if necessary
○ telegraph: time of communication decreased by many-fold.
○ quinine: protected against most diseases the colonies had to offer. Meant white people could stay longer without getting sick
● Potential Profit
○ Tariffs in Europe limited the amount of profit of trading between nations. “Tariff Barriers”
○ Colony = potential free trading zone
○ Raw materials
■ rubber
○ precious metals
■ *Most colonies were economically lacking in value*
● Nationalism
○ establishing colonies = establishing prominence/power
○ countries were trying to show that they “still mattered”
● Social Darwinism
○ genuine belief that white races are better than others
○ others are inferior
○ “White Man’s Burden”
● Balance of Power
○ Wanted colones so that other nations would not get them
○ Mad Scramble for Africa
○ Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
■ Set up rules for conquering
■ Nations had to prove they had sufficient authority in order to keep certain rights
○ Moroccan Crisis
● Religion
○ Christian missionaries were first Europeans to penetrate Central Africa
Great Britain
● India
○ Indian territories fell under British rule in 19th century
○ French pulled out after 7 Years’ War (1756-1763)
○ Indian Mutiny/Sepoy Rebellion 1857
○ Afterwards, colonial control is more centralized
○ Establishment of administrative structure
○ Replaced British East India Company
● China
○ Informal Empire
○ significant influence over economy
■ Opium Trade/Opium Wars
● China not interested in European goods
● Foreign trade and diplomacy closely regulated
● Britain finds Opium
○ no actual territorial/political control
Other Nations
● Other European Nations
○ Dutch controlled Indonesia
○ US seized Philippines
○ Japan seized control of Korea
● Colonized Nations
○ Violence very common
○ Millions maimed, enslaved, or killed
○ King Leopold III
○ India
■ British made actual investment in infrastructure
○ Nationalism is embedded into the native colonists, a catalyst for de-colonization
Impacts
Colonization 1400’s to 1700’s
● Advancement of technology
- With development of magnetic, the astrolabe, galley, cannons on ships.
● New Asia and Indian goods and spices
- Spices first founded by Marco Polo the greatest Medieval traveler
-Used for religious, and medical practices.
● Increased amounts of Gold and Silver
● Inflation
-period called price revolution
-To much much chasing too few goods resulted because while money supply had vastly increased, productivity had remained same, giving money reducing purchasing power.
- Craftsmen, merchants get better prices on goods
-Middle Class wealth was by trading or manufacturing and resulted in increased political and social power
- Peasant farmer could gain cash crop also hurt a little money worth less
- Nobility income was from fees, rents due inflation
● Increased Trade
● Columbian Exchange
- This trade brought Europeans manufactured goods and alcohol to Africa and the Americas for products as Lumber, Fur gold sugar, potatoes, and corn.
- opened up new trade routes for European in New Lands
- new demand labor slavery
● Mercantilism effects
- Self sufficient
- England and Dutch strive due to Mercantilism in new lands
● Capitalism starts to form
- middle class more money leads to
-More money in countries leads to more investment leads to more science and technology leads to more business.
-Joint stock companies gain wealth such as Dutch East India Country.
-Dutch banking thrives
● Decline of Spain due to inflation
-had tiny middle class
- businesses could not survive
European effect on New Lands
● Disease
- From Europeans to Native Americans
● Lifestyle and culture
-Catholic missionaries spread beliefs
Imperialism
● Great migration
-The time in which millions of people moved from their ancestral lands. For instance, between 1815 and 1932, over 60 million people left Europe.
- Spread out population especially England and Ireland.
-About ⅔ went to US while rest went to other countries mostly Canada, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia.
-Migration was mostly for economic benefits
Political
● The amount of local warfare was reduced greatly due to control of the African government.
● Order and peace were brought to the colonies
● Collapse of colonial empires
● The language of the imperial country start to become main language.
● introduction of western ideas like nationalism, democracy, constitutionalism, later communism
● European countries start to gain control of governments
● Some countries as Japan become strong powers with Navy, rid of feudalism, government stimulated economy, and rise of technology have European specialities to go abroad for high wages
● Revolution such as Boxer traditional beliefs vs modern ones
Social
● White Mans has all power
-discrimination saying the other races
● European efforts to improve colonies resulted in improved standard of living
● Improved efforts to industrialize the third world countries with factories, railroads, better transportation
● Christianity starts to spread more
Economic
● Economic expansion occurred.
● European countries set up industries in their colonies to make profits and thus paved the way for the industrialization of the colonies
● negatively the imperialist powers exploited the colonies by importing raw materials at the cheapest possible rates and exported the finished products at very high rates.
● Better trade with the Suez Canal and Panama Canal
Decolonization
● European countries less control of 3rd world countries
Reactions to Imperialism
Responses to Imperialism by the Africans
❖ Zulu fight back against the British
➢ Lose control of Zulu Nation in 1887
❖ Boers take the Africans’ land
❖ Fight with the British over this Land
➢ 1899
■ British Win
■ Boer Republics
● Union of South Africa
◆ 1910
❖ Lack of Unity
➢ Separation of Tribes
■ Wars/Lack of Diplomacy
■ Cultures
■ Customs
■ Languages
❖ Lack of Infrastructure (Still Little Infrastructure)
➢ Economic Collapse after the end of TransAtlantic Slave Trade
➢ No Cash Crops
➢ No Stabilized Governments
➢ No Industrialism
➢ No Foreign Investment
➢ Boundaries left relatively unchanged after European Imperialists left
❖ Primary Resistors - the first societies or that resisted such as...
➢ Menelik II of Ethiopia
➢ Abdel Kader of Algeria
Responses to Imperialism in the Ottoman Empire
❖ Independence
➢ Greece
➢ Serbia
➢ Egypt
❖ Europeans Take Land
➢ Take Much of Northern Africa from Ottomans
➢ Take much of European Holdings
■ Russia and Britain take over Persia
India Presentation Notes: Westernizers
India Mutiny (1857).
Indian National Conference (1885)
● Greater say in Government
Morley-Minton Reforms (1900)
● Establish governors in specific provinces
Rise in Nationalism (1918)
● We're not satisfied with Reforms
● Woodrow Wilson Self-Determination
Government of India Act (1919)
● National Parliament
Gandhi Speaks Peaceful Movements (1920's)
Simon Commission (1930)
1945 Clement Attlee institutes New Constitution
1947 Independent
Japan the Westernizers
● 1853-63 Samurai revolt against foreigners
● Anti gov assassination
● 1867 Samurai take over government
● Led to Maji Restoration
● Abolished feudal system and legal classes
● Created gov stimulation of economy
● Adopted liberal principles
● 3yr Military term for males
● Encouraged foreign intel
● Became Imperialistic
China
● Tai Ping Rebellion
● Empress Tzu Hsi
● Less European Involvement
● Sino Japanese War 1895
● U.S. Open Door Policy
● Hundred Days of Reform
● Sun Yatsen 1866-1925
● Boxer Rebellion 1900-1903
● The Qing Dynasty Falls 1912
Colonialism:
Two Types
Settler colonialism:
● large-scale immigration,
● often motivated by religious, political, or economic reasons.
○ Example: Plantation colonies would be considered exploitation colonialism; but colonizing powers would utilize either type for different territories depending on various social and economic factors as well as climate and geographic conditions.
Exploitation colonialism
● involves fewer colonists
● focuses on access to resources for export
○ trading posts
○ indigenous resources for labour and material
○ slave trade
■ imported to the Americas, first by the Portuguese Empire, and later by the Spanish, Dutch, French and British.
Imperialism:
Methods:
1.Direct Colonial Rule
● were used by European powers to control the colonies.
● The first of which was using European administrators for direct colonial rule.
● This method was the most costly but ensured the most control for a nation-state.
2. protectorate arrangement
● where a local colonial ruler and the government carried on as usual
● , but the European nation-state had some control
○ the country’s military, foreign affairs, and economy and intervened whenever necessary.
Decolonization/A new world!
Methods (2)
● War
○ although decolonization is a political process, the most frequent thing is violence (War)
○ Examples: Wars of Independence or Revolutions
● Nonviolent Action
○ Example: India